When you hear the words financial analysis, you typically think of analysts, investors, and management consultants pouring over balance sheets, ratios, and a ton of other data to judge the financial health of a company. But there is someone who looks at this data with more passion, and that is the CFO of the company.
Financial analysis need not just be an outsider valuing the company, the internal stakeholders too need to make sense of the strength of the business to make strategies and course corrections as needed.
How can leaders assess the financial health of the business? By reviewing data such as revenues, costs, profits, liquidity, operational efficiency, etc. You can gauge how well the business has performed and you can use these parameters to measure the performance against what was forecasted for the year or compare the business with competitors.
Broadly, there are three categories or financial analysis tools that people in the industry use to analyze financial data.
Horizontal analysis helps you analyze data over several years, which is why it is also called trend analysis. Here, you take different financial statements like income statement, cash flow statement, or balance sheet and compare the figures over a few years. The analysis will help you spot trends like increasing sales, reducing costs, improving profitability, etc.
Vertical analysis is a snapshot of the performance of the business in a particular period, generally a financial year. This data can be used to measure current performance against what was forecasted.
Ratio analysis helps you take the data in a given financial year to better understand the performance of the business. Some of the key ratios to explore include return on equity, days sales outstanding (DSO), direct labor/revenue, etc.